The “General practitioner learning stations”—development, implementation and optimization of an innovative format for sustainable teaching in general practice

Background Teaching general practice in a university setting is still challenging. In our department we have developed a teaching format with content from a previous lecture-style-teaching into an interactive small group format taught by frontline general practitioners (GPs). The “GP learning stations” introduce students to the skills and attributes of a GP working in primary care in a university setting. Our main objective was to understand whether the teaching format had proven itself sustainable in a university setting over eight years. Furthermore, we wanted to better understand the role of the GP as a medical educator. Methods More than eight years of experience in organizational and staff expenses were collected and analyzed. In addition, the grade point average of the students’ evaluation was calculated and their free text answers were categorized and evaluated descriptively. During two teach-the-teacher seminars attending GPs were asked why they teach and if they feel equipped to teach the format. Results The initially high organizational and staff expenses were significantly reduced. The recruitment of GPs, their didactic contribution, and their joint creation of content went smoothly throughout the whole period. A total of 495 students participated in the regular evaluation. The analysis yielded a grade point average of 1.9, on a scale from 1 = very good to 6 = insufficient. In the free text answers students praised the educators, the format and the practical relevance. The interactive transfer of the content, the didactic competence of the educators and the spatial environment were viewed critically. Reasons for GPs to teach were the joy to pass on knowledge and experience, and to make the work of GPs more attractive to students. Most GPs felt prepared to teach through their experience as a physician although some felt unprepared to teach through their lack of didactic knowledge. Conclusion Despite reducing the costs of the format, a grade point average of 1.9 could be achieved in the long term. This supports the teaching concept of learning stations and its “mixture of discussion, scientific background and role play, combined with (…) experiences and exciting individual cases from (GPs) everyday life”, hopefully making general practice more attractive to the students.


Background
For many medical students, becoming a general practitioner (GP) is still not a preferred career choice [1,2]. In many countries this is a challenge in maintaining an Open Access *Correspondence: marion.torge@tum.de Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine, Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, Orleansstrasse 47, 81667 Munich, Germany adequate primary care system [3,4]. However, the work of GPs and adequate primary care have an impact on hospital admissions, mortality, health outcomes and life expectancy [5][6][7]. Therefore, it is important that medical universities promote general practice as a career choice for students. Undergraduate medical education influences students career choice [8]. Factors known to have an influence are perception of the job, preferred working hours and work-life balance [9]. When considering the Bland-Meurer Model, the choice of specialty is essentially determined by the correspondence of personal career needs with students' perception of specialty characteristics [10]. Moreover, exposure to charismatic role models and observing academic opportunities are also important drivers of career choices [11,12].
In Germany, not all medical schools have a general practice department [13]. It has been shown that the interest of students in general practice is higher at universities with an established department [14]. Education in general practice for German medical students consists of three compulsory parts: [1] lectures at the university for all students with a total of around 15 h on different topics and days, [2] an individual two-week clerkship in an affiliated practice of the medical faculty, embedded in the current curriculum of the medical faculty and [3] an additional one-month clerkship in a general practice chosen by the students according to their interests, wherever they want.
It is also valuable to understand the emerging role of the practicing GP as a medical educator. Due to their numerous obligations in their practices, GPs are typically short of time and teaching at an academic institution or in the practice may not be a priority. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between the GP and the academic institution, and strike an appropriate balance between teaching time and didactic training of GPs in order to improve teaching skills.
Structured teaching formats can have a positive effect. It is unclear which teaching format can address this shortcoming and make a career as a general practitioner more attractive to medical students and strengthen the role of a GP as a medical educator. This article presents the experiences and insights of a structured teaching format "GP learning stations" which is used at our department to teach primary care to undergraduates in a university setting. We would also like to address whether the teaching concept as a whole has proven itself sustainable and suitable for students and general practitioners.

Conceptual format of the "GP learning stations"
The "GP learning stations" are a compulsory format for interactive small groups of ten students in their 2 nd clinical year of study, with around 150 students each semester in various lecture halls of the medical university (see Fig. 1). On three Wednesday afternoons, students rotate within a time frame of 3.5 h through a total of nine topics, three per day. Topics are selected based on the expert consensus opinion of our GPs as a representative selection of general practice and updated as clinical guidelines change. Didactic elements are changed if this is deemed necessary to improve the interactive character of the learning stations. At the beginning of each day, students receive a 10-min key-note lecture together. Students are then divided into groups of ten and assigned to the learning station where they begin the rotation. After 45 min, the students rotate between the learning stations of the particular day. The learning stations are held by experienced, practicing general practitioners. Each day concludes with a take-home message and a question-and-answer session between the medical educators and students. Before the three-day format begins, students are asked to use online material provided to prepare the content, similar to the flipped classroom model. The objective of the format is to apply acquired knowledge and skills, the opportunity to meet large numbers of practicing GPs and to learn a professional attitude through practical and supervised interactions with symptoms and diseases.
Before the beginning of each semester, GPs can attend a five-hour teach-the-teacher seminar with a mixture of didactic training and medical content relevant to general practice in order to prepare for the "GP learning stations". Four main stakeholders are involved in the "GP learning stations": the institute of general practice, the GPs as medical educators, the medical school and the medical students. All stakeholders involved and their key work are shown in Fig. 2.

Development
The development of the "GP learning stations" had two phases, an implementation phase (2011/12 to 2017), and an ongoing second optimization phase (2017/18 to 2018/19). In 2011, the prototype for teaching general practice in a clinical setting was developed and implemented by a group of practicing general practitioners under supervision of the Technical University of Munich Institute of didactics and then published to present the format to a wider audience [15]. Up until that point, general practice at our university consisted of lecturestyle-teachings and a two-week clerkship in a general practice.
Recruitment of around 30 GPs from the state of Bavaria as medical educators proved to be unproblematic. The topics for the individual "GP learning stations" were determined by expert consensus between the general practitioners. Medical educators are provided with this pre-defined content and precise instructions for the small group interactions. General practitioners receive teaching material on each of the nine topics via an online platform and practical material at each learning station. The material contains a one-page basic information with learning objectives and a take-home message, as well as additional material for each topic. During the "GP learning stations", GPs also receive practical material that they can use together with the students. For example, heavy gloves and cream-smeared sunglasses are part of the instant-aging practical material used at the geriatric learning station. With this disguise, students then have to remove tablets from a blister to understand a possible perspective of elderly people with poor eyesight and less precise hand feeling. The following table (Table 1) gives an overview of the learning stations and some of their numerous practical materials. Ideally, each learning station has a different GP, so that students have the opportunity to interact informally with as many GPs as possible and learn about the different attitudes and skillsets of GPs.
During the implementation phase (2011/12 to 2017), the original format presented many challenges and was changed several times. The main problems were the extensive consumption of organizational resources, the lack of space to facilitate small groups for a large number of students, the allocation of all students to small groups, a small teaching and organization team at the institute and the appropriate selection of the content. For  Table 2. Due to the excessive consumption of organizational resources required for the "GP learning stations", the format was structurally and logistically changed extensively during the implementation phase from 2011 to 2017. Starting with the optimization phase (2017/18 to 2018/19), the format evolved into a more structured format that was easier to implement with high quality and lower resource consumption.
The ongoing changes to the format are mainly made at the content level, due to regular changes in medical guidelines and regular updates in the medical field. Following feedback from students and GPs, changes are made to improve the interactive part. This keeps the format fluid, innovative and adaptable. Key elements of the development are shown in Table 3.

The GP as a medical educator
General practitioners who facilitate the "GP learning stations" are physicians working in practices across the state of Bavaria/Germany. The participating GPs do not receive Table 1 Overview of highlights of the "GP learning stations"

Main Topic
Examples of the work in small groups

Day 1 Acute and Chronic Illnesses in General Practice
Common cold and dyspnea Dyspnea-self-awareness-exercise for the students who walk upstairs while breathing through a straw to experience dyspnea firsthand Chest pain in general practice Interactive work on the differences in the causes of chest pain Diabetes in general practice Hands-on examination of the feet with monofilament und the neurological tuning fork

Day 2 Complex Consulting Occasions
Back pain in general practice Case discussion on the treatment of back pain patient based on the National Care Guideline with a distinction between red, yellow, blue and black flags. Also, students practice practical physical exercises for non-specific back pain with mats and on transportable loungers Quaternary prevention in general practice Get to know the (rather unknown) term "Quaternary prevention" using four typical examples in general practice situations in order to raise awareness of prevention of unnecessary treatments and/or diagnostics or over-medication and to explore the basic medical principle of "primum non nocere" Addiction in general practice or the "challenging" patient Role play between a GP and an alcoholic or drug addicted patient; the GP helps the patient with empathy or withstands the pressure of the patient

Multi-medication in general practice
The medication of a doctor's letter from a hospital is critically discussed and the medication is reduced in order to avoid possible interactions and to improve patient compliance Geriatrics in general practice Instant aging "light" experience with heavy gloves and cream-smeared sunglasses, with this disguise students have to remove tablets from a blister to understand a possible perspective of elderly people with poor eyesight and less precise hand feeling" Palliative care in general practice Interactive case discussion of a patient who comes from the clinic with a poor prognosishow do general practitioners guarantee optimal care in the primary care sector? financial compensation for their facilitation. Hence, smart measures are needed to maintain the motivation to volunteer as a medical educator. Therefor we offer a teach-the-teacher seminar each semester prior to the beginning of the three-day "GP learning stations", regular didactic training, the extensive Bavarian GP network and free access to the annual "Day of General Practice" organized by our institute. General Practitioners are recruited for the "GP learning stations" through the institute's GP network. In order to improve the didactic competence of our medical educators during the teach-the-teacher seminar, didactic contents such as learning theory, use of media and practical material, presentation technology and giving feedback are conveyed. The didactic part of the teach-the-teacher seminars are based on the didactic content recommended by the Society of Medical Education (GMS) in Germany [16]. The teach-the-teacher seminar is based on a mix of student feedback, GP learning needs, recommended didactic skills and ongoing changes of medical guidelines. To better understand our cohort of educators, we asked GPs attending our biannual teachthe-teacher seminar why they teach in general practice and whether they feel prepared to teach general practice. Both the teach-the-teacher seminar and the three-day "GP learning stations" take place on a Wednesday afternoon, as most practices in the primary care sector in Germany are closed on Wednesday afternoons to allow time for professional development and administrative tasks.

Evaluation
At the Technical University of Munich medical school students regularly and anonymously evaluate each teaching unit. Evaluation takes place by means of giving a school grade (1 = very good to 6 = insufficient) and optional free text comments online through the medical school's evaluation platform. The data for this work were obtained retrospectively from the regular evaluation. The grade point average of students' evaluation was calculated for the optimization phase and their free text answers were categorized by main topics and evaluated descriptively. We have also evaluated the departments' experiences over eight years with regard to organizational and staff resources for the "GP learning station". In addition, once in September 2018 and once in September 2019, we asked all GPs (2018: 19 GPs, 2019: 17 GPs) attending our biannual teach-the-teacher seminar, to complete a brief questionnaire. We assessed the GPs' age, distance travelled to the medical school, their educational experience, and reasons for teaching general practice, and if they felt prepared to teach. The data provided by the GPs were descriptively categorized according to main topics. One rater categorized the free-text answers and a second rater did the same. Then the categories were compared and in the event of discrepancies categories were further discussed and then determined in an expert group. Analysis was carried out with SPSS 24.0. Free text answers were summarized in categories and then counted according to frequencies.

"GP learning stations"
Organizational and staff expenses were significantly reduced. From 20 changing topics in two semesters, we have reduced the format to 9 unvarying topics each semester. Instead of initially 15 medical student assistants who helped set up the "GP learning stations" for each event, only three are now required. Recruitment of GPs, didactic training and voluntary participation were consistent throughout the semesters. A total of 495 students participated in the optimization phase from 2017/18 to 2018/19. Analysis yielded a grade point average of 1.99 (Table 4) which is very similar  [17].
In the free text answers charismatic lecturers, the format and the practical relevance was praised. Content, didactic competence and spatial setting were mentioned critically. Some students criticized the more holistic and longer patients' stories of GPs as "fairy tale stories" (see Table 5). Other students found it enriching to be able to interview different GPs in a small group setting. This could also be used as a concept in other departments.

The GP as a medical educator
A total number of 35 GPs completed the questionnaire, of which 37% were female, mean age was 55 years. The journey to the venue was approximately 45 km on average ( Table 6). The most important reasons given for teaching general practice were the joy to pass on knowledge and experience to the students, to contribute to making general practice more attractive to students, to deal more often with medical guidelines and innovations and the exchange with colleagues (Table 6). GPs felt prepared to teach because of their long experience as a  Notable quotes: Praise -"Listen to the opinion or the way of working from nine different GPs" -"Extremely interesting to listen to this [content] again from practical experience and not to learn from slides or books. All in all a successful lecture" -"Impressive and very inspiring, could provide technical info and answer questions about the life and work of a family doctor to get an impressions of this specialization" -"Refreshing to have so many doctors as lecturers" -"I was convinced by both the GPs' human and professional competence. I think even more now that this subject is the most demanding, because you have to have the widest knowledge and good diagnosing skills" -"She had the perfect mix of discussion, scientific background and role play, combined with her own experience and exciting individual cases from [GP] everyday life" -"The event is so practical,… you can directly ask GPs questions that you would rather not ask in a large group" Notable quotes: Criticism -"For effective teaching a certain preparation is also needed by experienced physicians" -" Good will alone does not make a good course" physician, their years of experience in teaching students and their didactic training. Some felt not well prepared to teach because they lacked didactic knowledge and due to the rapidly changing knowledge in medicine (Table 7).

Discussion
Transferring medical knowledge from a primary care setting to students in a university hospital setting poses a number of challenges for departments of General Practice. One factor is that General Practice is still a new department for most medical universities in Germany and due to their small teams, or their non-existence at some medical faculties in Germany, GPs in academic medicine make up only a small proportion of the clinical academic setting [13]. Similar challenges are even seen in the UK with its strong primary care departments. For example, in the UK 6.5% of all clinical academics are GPs, Pereira Gray calling this a public failure by UK medical schools [18]. To date, no exact figures are available in Germany [13]. This could give medical students introduced to the medical world at university teaching hospitals the impression that general practice is not important. This contradicts the findings that continuity of care is important for patients and is associated with lower   [19,20]. Continuity of care is generally considered the task of general practitioners in the primary care workforce [21]. To sustain continuity of care and to prevent a crisis in the primary care workforce [22], medical schools should promote primary care at all stages of the medical school. Early, ongoing and authentic exposure promotes general practice [23]. Our format offers the opportunity to expose medical students at the beginning of their career to authentic role models, a large number of various GPs and topics specific to primary care. From the perspective of the students, the format has proven itself, as grades and comments show high acceptance. The format also worked well from the lecturer's point of view, as we have been able to retain a large number of motivated educators over the years. This strengthens the role of GPs as medical educators. Hence, their motivation and their needs play an important role in sustaining such concepts and need to be further assessed [24]. Based on our experience and the responses we have received, we believe that GPs are interested in coming to medical school and teaching the students not only in their practice but also in the clinical setting where students spend a lot of time studying. We also assume that regular contact with their colleagues through a didactic event increases the attraction and pulls the GPs out of their practices in order to enjoy the long-term relationship with the academic institution. Of course, these assumptions need further evaluation.
Our brief survey during the teach-the-teacher seminar participants showed that the most important factors were the joy of teaching and the passing on of knowledge and experience to the students. Similar motivational factors have been found by Thomson et al. [25]. They encourage teaching organizations to give more credit to lecturers, emphasize the joy and pride in teaching, and to increase engagement with GPs. Furthermore, the general supportive environment could help foster and maintain a learning culture within workplace-based learning outside the hospital setting, for example for medical educators in practices.
Students praised the engagement to charismatic role models, which is a known factor in career choices, and criticized some didactic deficits of the lecturers. They pointed out that working as a GP does not necessarily qualify as a medical educator. The more holistic and lengthy patient stories of general practitioners have also been critically viewed as "fairy tale stories". We can only hypothesize that the comments come from perceiving the difference in narrative between GPs and clinicians. This has to be quite a contrast to what the students are familiar with. Unlike in clinical settings, general practitioners often know their patients from cradle to grave, care for them multiple times and often know the family background.
However, GPs felt equipped to teach due to their longstanding practice. Few stated that they did not feel they had sufficient didactic knowledge. We try to remedy this deficit through our biannual teach-the-teacher seminar, as we know that a lack of time and the dual role of GPs as practicing doctors and medical educators place an additional burden on them. During these trainings, we emphasize the role change from knowledge mediator to an interactive learning companion, in which the students themselves develop essential content based on the tasks and materials. We believe that other ways of teaching GPs didactic skills should be further explored. We also see informal aspects of the "GP learning stations", such as the binding of nonacademic GPs to the academic body. Historically, most general practitioners in Germany are not affiliated with academic institutions. This may be because in the German health care system, a primary care practice acts like a small business in the hands of the GP or a group of GPs. In our experience, many general practitioners want to share their knowledge, skills and experience as a GP with the next generation of medical students [26]. Our "GP learning stations" in a clinical setting offer this opportunity with a low threshold. Furthermore, this connection can contribute to translate experience and knowledge through a constant exchange from the practices to the medical university and vice versa. For example, a research paper on colonoscopy in primary care was recently published through the binding of non-academic GPs to our department [27]. Further research into this relationship could help understand and strengthen the mutual benefits of this complex relation.

Strengths and limitations
This paper not only presents the learnings of our department over a longer period of time, but also provides a format for introducing general practice to students in a clinical setting and influencing their perception of the specialty. Even though the format has its limitations due to its regional nature, it could serve as a model for "GP learning stations" at other universities. Unfortunately, due to the setting of the regular evaluation system of the medical school, students' evaluation was not very extensive and limited to the grade as well as optional free text answers. In addition, the evaluation of GPs as medical educators was limited as the number of GPs participating was small and the participants very engaged. Since the article presents the learnings of the format in our context, its application in other contexts may be limited.